diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index afe93d3..a6cf9e8 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ art/                            all raw art, grouped by role (snake_case):
 | `levels/arena_level.tscn` | The arena **level module**: floor + wall colliders, arena meshes, `MatadorSpawner` (with child `Node3D` spawn points placed by the designer), lighting, audience (`PublikNode`). Instanced into the shell's `LevelRoot` |
 | `levels/bear_level.tscn` | The Bear's Den **level module**: bear-arena mesh, its own floor collider, lighting, and a `BearSpawner` (`bear_spawn.gd`) that places the bear at center. Instanced into the shell's `LevelRoot` |
 | `actors/player/player.tscn` | Player scene root (`CharacterBody3D`) |
-| `actors/player/player.gd` | Movement, charge, turning logic |
+| `actors/player/player.gd` | Movement, charge, turning, and abilities (kick/dash/slam/roll). Ability & movement particle FX are **not** built here — they're authored scenes in `systems/fx/` (`bull_*.tscn`), fired via `Fx.spawn()` (one-shots) / `Fx.attach()` (continuous) |
+| `actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd` | Bull's coded, non-particle impact FX (the slam shockwave rings + kick flash-pop — tweened meshes, not CPUParticles3D, so they can't be `systems/fx/` scenes). Created by `player.gd` |
+| `actors/player/bull_legs.gd` | Bull body-wobble + tail Verlet-chain simulation. Created by `player.gd` |
 | `camera_spring_arm.gd` | Mouse-look pivot (`Node3D` + `SpringArm3D`) |
 | `camera_follow.gd` | Smooth camera follow (`Camera3D`) |
 | `actors/matador/matador.gd` | Matador AI (wander / ragdoll state machine) |
diff --git a/actors/bear/bear.gd b/actors/bear/bear.gd
index 65a7fe4..2149731 100644
--- a/actors/bear/bear.gd
+++ b/actors/bear/bear.gd
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ var _phase: Phase = Phase.WINDUP
 var _bull: CharacterBody3D = null
 var _skeleton: Skeleton3D = null
 var _anim_player: AnimationPlayer = null
-# Separate player baked into Assets/fx/Bear_FX.glb: each clip scales one FX mesh up from 0
+# Separate player baked into art/fx/bear_fx.glb: each clip scales one FX mesh up from 0
 # and back at its strike frame (self-hiding), so bear.gd just fires the matching clip.
 var _fx_player: AnimationPlayer = null
 var _fx_root: Node = null
-# Shaped attack colliders live in BearAttackHitboxes.tscn (under bear_model, so they track the
+# Shaped attack colliders live in bear_attack_hitboxes.tscn (under bear_model, so they track the
 # bear's facing): a ground-circle cylinder for the leap slam and a forward box lane for the smash.
 # Their sizes AND their travel/pop motion are authored in that scene's AnimationPlayer (clips
 # "leap_slam" / "smash_travel") — scrub them there to tweak. bear.gd only fires the clip, sets the
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ func _try_hit(reach: float) -> bool:
 	return true
 
 
-# Grab the designer-authored collider sub-scene (BearAttackHitboxes.tscn instanced under
+# Grab the designer-authored collider sub-scene (bear_attack_hitboxes.tscn instanced under
 # bear_model) and park both hitboxes deactivated. Shapes + travel are authored in that scene.
 func _setup_attack_hitboxes() -> void:
 	var root := _mesh.get_node_or_null("AttackHitboxes") if _mesh else null
@@ -920,18 +920,6 @@ func _die(hit_dir: Vector3) -> void:
 	velocity = Vector3.ZERO
 	_blood_burst.burst(global_position + Vector3(0.0, 1.4, 0.0), hit_dir)
 	_play(_anim_death)
-	# No death clip on the rig — topple the beast onto its side (about the hit direction,
-	# so it falls the way it was struck) and sink it away, then free.
-	#var fall_axis := Vector3(-hit_dir.z, 0.0, hit_dir.x)
-	#if fall_axis.length() < 0.01:
-	#	fall_axis = Vector3.RIGHT
-	#var tween := create_tween()
-	#tween.tween_property(_mesh, "rotation",
-	#	_mesh.rotation + fall_axis.normalized() * deg_to_rad(88.0), 0.7)\
-	#	.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_QUAD).set_ease(Tween.EASE_IN)
-	#tween.tween_interval(2.5)
-	#tween.tween_property(_mesh, "position:y", _mesh.position.y - 3.0, 1.0)
-	#tween.tween_callback(queue_free)
 
 
 # ── Interface shared with the matador (guarded elsewhere via has_method) ─────────────
diff --git a/actors/matador/matador.gd b/actors/matador/matador.gd
index 6aed08e..1987e85 100644
--- a/actors/matador/matador.gd
+++ b/actors/matador/matador.gd
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ const _ANIM_TAUNTS: Array[StringName] = [&"Taunt", &"Taunt_B", &"Taunt_C"]
 # reparents from holster to hand at this point in the animation.
 const _DRAW_GRAB_AT: float = 0.55
 
-# Wrapper scenes (glb + an editor-tweakable hitbox / collider) — see Sword.tscn / Spear.tscn.
+# Wrapper scenes (glb + an editor-tweakable hitbox / collider) — see sword.tscn / spear.tscn.
 const _SWORD_SCENE: PackedScene = preload("res://actors/matador/sword.tscn")
 const _SPEAR_SCENE: PackedScene = preload("res://actors/matador/spear.tscn")
 
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ func _tick_attack(delta: float) -> void:
 	if _swing_timer > 0.0:
 		_decelerate(22.0, delta)
 		_play_anim(_ANIM_ATTACK)
-		# Damage off the sword's own BladeHitbox (Sword.tscn), riding the animated blade — gored only
+		# Damage off the sword's own BladeHitbox (sword.tscn), riding the animated blade — gored only
 		# when the thrust reaches it. Arm at the thrust (mat_stab_strike_at) and sweep for the overlap.
 		if _sword_blade_area != null and _swing_phase() >= DP.f("mat_stab_strike_at"):
 			_sword_blade_area.activate()
@@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@ func _spawn_sword() -> void:
 	_drawing = false
 	_apply_sword_grip()
 
-	# The blade hitbox (Sword.tscn, hitbox.gd) is armed only during the ATTACK thrust (see
+	# The blade hitbox (sword.tscn, hitbox.gd) is armed only during the ATTACK thrust (see
 	# _tick_attack); off while merely carried, so brushing a drawn matador never gores the bull.
 	_sword_blade_area = _sword_node.get_node_or_null("BladeHitbox") as Hitbox
 	if _sword_blade_area != null:
diff --git a/actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd b/actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3a1a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+extends Node
+## Procedural (non-particle) bull impact FX: the expanding ground-slam shockwave rings and the
+## kick flash-pop. These are tween-animated MeshInstance3D flashes, not CPUParticles3D, so they
+## can't be authored as systems/fx/ scenes and live in code here. Created by player.gd; the
+## transient meshes are parented into the level (the bull's parent) so they hold their world
+## position while the bull keeps moving.
+
+var _player: Node3D
+var _ring_mesh: ArrayMesh = null
+
+
+func setup(player: Node3D) -> void:
+	_player = player
+
+
+# Three nested shockwave rings racing outward from a ground slam, each fading as it grows.
+func slam_rings(origin: Vector3, max_r: float) -> void:
+	if _ring_mesh == null:
+		_ring_mesh = _make_ring_mesh()
+	_launch_ring(origin, max_r, 0.00, 0.55, Color(1.0, 0.70, 0.10, 0.85))
+	_launch_ring(origin, max_r, 0.10, 0.52, Color(1.0, 0.50, 0.10, 0.65))
+	_launch_ring(origin, max_r, 0.20, 0.48, Color(0.9, 0.30, 0.10, 0.50))
+
+
+# A quick bright flash-pop at the kick's contact point.
+func kick_flash(origin: Vector3) -> void:
+	var mat := _flat_material(Color(1.0, 0.97, 0.40, 0.0))
+	var sphere := SphereMesh.new()
+	sphere.radius = 1.0
+	sphere.height = 2.0
+	sphere.radial_segments = 8
+	sphere.rings = 4
+	sphere.material = mat
+
+	var mi := MeshInstance3D.new()
+	mi.mesh = sphere
+	mi.material_override = mat
+	mi.scale = Vector3(0.05, 0.05, 0.05)
+	_host().add_child(mi)
+	mi.global_position = origin
+
+	var tween := create_tween()
+	tween.set_parallel(true)
+	tween.tween_property(mi, "scale", Vector3(0.7, 0.7, 0.7), 0.13)\
+		.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_EXPO).set_ease(Tween.EASE_OUT)
+	var fade := func(a: float) -> void: mat.albedo_color.a = a
+	tween.tween_method(fade, 0.92, 0.0, 0.14)\
+		.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_SINE).set_ease(Tween.EASE_IN)
+	tween.tween_callback(mi.queue_free).set_delay(0.16)
+
+
+func _launch_ring(origin: Vector3, max_r: float, delay: float, duration: float, col: Color) -> void:
+	var mat := _flat_material(Color(col.r, col.g, col.b, 0.0))
+	var mi := MeshInstance3D.new()
+	mi.mesh = _ring_mesh
+	mi.material_override = mat
+	mi.scale = Vector3(0.02, 1.0, 0.02)
+	_host().add_child(mi)
+	mi.global_position = origin
+
+	var tween := create_tween()
+	tween.set_parallel(true)
+	tween.tween_property(mi, "scale", Vector3(max_r, 1.0, max_r), duration)\
+		.set_delay(delay).set_trans(Tween.TRANS_EXPO).set_ease(Tween.EASE_OUT)
+	var fade := func(a: float) -> void: mat.albedo_color.a = a
+	tween.tween_method(fade, col.a, 0.0, duration)\
+		.set_delay(delay).set_trans(Tween.TRANS_SINE).set_ease(Tween.EASE_IN)
+	tween.tween_callback(mi.queue_free).set_delay(delay + duration + 0.05)
+
+
+func _flat_material(color: Color) -> StandardMaterial3D:
+	var mat := StandardMaterial3D.new()
+	mat.shading_mode = BaseMaterial3D.SHADING_MODE_UNSHADED
+	mat.transparency = BaseMaterial3D.TRANSPARENCY_ALPHA
+	mat.cull_mode = BaseMaterial3D.CULL_DISABLED
+	mat.albedo_color = color
+	return mat
+
+
+# A flat annulus in the XZ plane (unit radius), scaled up at runtime into the shockwave ring.
+func _make_ring_mesh() -> ArrayMesh:
+	const INNER_R: float = 0.82
+	const OUTER_R: float = 1.00
+	const SEGMENTS: int = 48
+
+	var verts := PackedVector3Array()
+	var indices := PackedInt32Array()
+	for i: int in SEGMENTS:
+		var a0 := i / float(SEGMENTS) * TAU
+		var a1 := (i + 1) / float(SEGMENTS) * TAU
+		var vi := i * 4
+		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a0) * INNER_R, 0.0, sin(a0) * INNER_R))
+		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a0) * OUTER_R, 0.0, sin(a0) * OUTER_R))
+		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a1) * OUTER_R, 0.0, sin(a1) * OUTER_R))
+		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a1) * INNER_R, 0.0, sin(a1) * INNER_R))
+		indices.append_array([vi, vi + 2, vi + 1, vi, vi + 3, vi + 2])
+
+	var arrays: Array = []
+	arrays.resize(Mesh.ARRAY_MAX)
+	arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_VERTEX] = verts
+	arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_INDEX] = indices
+	var mesh := ArrayMesh.new()
+	mesh.add_surface_from_arrays(Mesh.PRIMITIVE_TRIANGLES, arrays)
+	return mesh
+
+
+func _host() -> Node:
+	if _player != null and _player.get_parent() != null:
+		return _player.get_parent()
+	return _player
diff --git a/actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd.uid b/actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd.uid
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d7fb21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd.uid
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+uid://sf5etma4kjt0
diff --git a/actors/player/player.gd b/actors/player/player.gd
index 4319fa7..d863274 100644
--- a/actors/player/player.gd
+++ b/actors/player/player.gd
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ const HOOF_OFFSETS: Array = [
 	Vector3( 0.30, -0.25,  0.60),
 ]
 
-# Bull animation clips (Armature|* action names in Assets/bull.fbx). IDLE is the
+# Bull animation clips (Armature|* action names in art/characters/bull.fbx). IDLE is the
 # looping base pose; the others are one-shot ability clips that return to it.
 const _ANIM_IDLE: StringName = &"Armature|IDLE"
 const _ANIM_KICK: StringName = &"Armature|KICK"
@@ -27,12 +27,11 @@ var _legs: Node
 var _was_on_floor: bool         = false
 var _pre_slide_vel_y: float     = 0.0
 
-var _slam_ring_mesh: ArrayMesh = null
-# Attack-FX resources are identical every swing, so build them once and reuse. Recreating a fresh
-# StandardMaterial3D / SphereMesh per attack makes a mobile WebGL driver recompile the shader and
-# re-upload the mesh each time — a main-thread hitch "when attacking" that never shows on desktop.
+# Built once and reused: a fresh StandardMaterial3D/SphereMesh per spawn makes a mobile WebGL
+# driver recompile the shader + re-upload the mesh — a hitch "when attacking" absent on desktop.
 var _unshaded_mat: StandardMaterial3D = null
 var _particle_sphere_cache: Dictionary = {}   # "radius:seg:ring" -> SphereMesh (shared)
+var _impact_fx: Node = null   # bull_impact_fx.gd — the coded (non-particle) slam rings + kick flash
 
 # Ability system — kick=0, dash=1, slam=2, roll=3
 var ability_cd:      Array[float] = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
@@ -83,8 +82,12 @@ var _huff_timer:      float               = 0.0
 
 enum DustState { NONE, WALK, CHARGE }
 var _dust_state: DustState = DustState.NONE
-var _walk_dust_ramp:   Gradient = null
-var _charge_dust_ramp: Gradient = null
+# Hoof-dust scale/velocity per state (the look — mesh, colour, curve — lives in bull_hoof_dust.tscn).
+# A charge sprint kicks up bigger, faster dust than a walk.
+const _WALK_DUST_SCALE:   Vector2 = Vector2(0.20, 0.40)
+const _WALK_DUST_VEL:     Vector2 = Vector2(0.8, 1.8)
+const _CHARGE_DUST_SCALE: Vector2 = Vector2(0.35, 0.70)
+const _CHARGE_DUST_VEL:   Vector2 = Vector2(2.8, 5.5)
 
 
 const RigidSkin = preload("res://systems/render/rigid_skin.gd")
@@ -106,6 +109,7 @@ func _ready() -> void:
 	_max_hp += _bonus_hp
 	_hp += _bonus_hp
 	_cube_scale = cube_guy.scale
+	_setup_impact_fx()
 	_setup_hoof_dust()
 	_setup_legs()
 	_setup_charge_trail()
@@ -113,7 +117,6 @@ func _ready() -> void:
 	_setup_audio()
 	_bull_anim = _find_anim_player(cube_guy)
 	_setup_bull_idle()
-	DP.any_changed.connect(_on_dp_changed)
 
 
 func _setup_legs() -> void:
@@ -123,113 +126,35 @@ func _setup_legs() -> void:
 	_legs.call(&"setup", self, cube_guy)
 
 
+func _setup_impact_fx() -> void:
+	_impact_fx = Node.new()
+	_impact_fx.set_script(load("res://actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd"))
+	add_child(_impact_fx)
+	_impact_fx.call(&"setup", self)
+
+
+# The bull's ability/movement particle effects are authored as scenes in systems/fx/ (so Siim can
+# tune them in the inspector). The continuous ones follow the bull — instanced once here as
+# children, then toggled via `emitting`. The one-shots are fired on demand through Fx.spawn().
 func _setup_hoof_dust() -> void:
-	var sphere := _particle_sphere(0.07, 4, 2, _unshaded_material())
-
-	_walk_dust_ramp = Gradient.new()
-	_walk_dust_ramp.set_color(0, Color(0.94, 0.90, 0.83, 1.0))
-	_walk_dust_ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.94, 0.90, 0.83, 0.0))
-
-	# White-beige dust while running
-	_charge_dust_ramp = Gradient.new()
-	_charge_dust_ramp.set_color(0, Color(0.94, 0.90, 0.83, 1.0))
-	_charge_dust_ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.94, 0.90, 0.83, 0.0))
-
-	var scale_curve := Curve.new()
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 0.2))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.4, 1.0))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
-
 	for offset: Vector3 in HOOF_OFFSETS:
-		var p := CPUParticles3D.new()
+		var p := Fx.attach(&"bull_hoof_dust", cube_guy) as CPUParticles3D
+		if p == null:
+			continue
 		p.position = offset
-		p.emitting = false
-		p.amount = 12
-		p.lifetime = DP.f("dust_lifetime")
-		p.explosiveness = DP.f("dust_explosiveness")
-		p.randomness = 0.6
-		p.local_coords = false
-		p.direction = Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
-		p.spread = DP.f("dust_spread")
-		p.gravity = Vector3(0.0, DP.f("dust_gravity_y"), 0.0)
-		p.initial_velocity_min = DP.f("walk_vel_min")
-		p.initial_velocity_max = DP.f("walk_vel_max")
-		p.scale_amount_min = DP.f("walk_scale_min")
-		p.scale_amount_max = DP.f("walk_scale_max")
-		p.mesh = sphere
-		p.color_ramp = _walk_dust_ramp
-		p.scale_amount_curve = scale_curve
-		cube_guy.add_child(p)
 		_hoof_emitters.append(p)
 
 
 func _setup_charge_trail() -> void:
-	# Blue energy trail — streams backward during a fast run / roll
-	var trail_sphere := _particle_sphere(0.065, 4, 2, _unshaded_material())
-
-	var trail_ramp := Gradient.new()
-	trail_ramp.set_color(0, Color(0.30, 0.65, 1.0, 1.0))
-	trail_ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.30, 0.65, 1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var trail_scale := Curve.new()
-	trail_scale.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 1.0))
-	trail_scale.add_point(Vector2(0.6, 0.8))
-	trail_scale.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
-
-	_charge_trail_emitter = CPUParticles3D.new()
-	_charge_trail_emitter.position = Vector3(0.0, 0.25, 0.3)
-	_charge_trail_emitter.emitting = false
-	_charge_trail_emitter.one_shot = false
-	_charge_trail_emitter.amount = 18
-	_charge_trail_emitter.lifetime = 0.30
-	_charge_trail_emitter.randomness = 0.4
-	_charge_trail_emitter.local_coords = false
-	_charge_trail_emitter.direction = Vector3(0.0, 0.2, 1.0).normalized()
-	_charge_trail_emitter.spread = 25.0
-	_charge_trail_emitter.gravity = Vector3(0.0, 2.0, 0.0)
-	_charge_trail_emitter.initial_velocity_min = 4.0
-	_charge_trail_emitter.initial_velocity_max = 9.0
-	_charge_trail_emitter.scale_amount_min = 0.4
-	_charge_trail_emitter.scale_amount_max = 1.2
-	_charge_trail_emitter.mesh = trail_sphere
-	_charge_trail_emitter.color_ramp = trail_ramp
-	_charge_trail_emitter.scale_amount_curve = trail_scale
-	cube_guy.add_child(_charge_trail_emitter)
+	_charge_trail_emitter = Fx.attach(&"bull_charge_trail", cube_guy) as CPUParticles3D
+	if _charge_trail_emitter != null:
+		_charge_trail_emitter.position = Vector3(0.0, 0.25, 0.3)
 
 
 func _setup_roll_sparks() -> void:
-	# Rammus Powerball ground spray — dirt/sparks flung outward from the spinning
-	# ball. World-space (local_coords off) so they peel off into a trail behind it.
-	var spark := _particle_sphere(0.05, 4, 2, _unshaded_material())
-
-	var ramp := Gradient.new()
-	ramp.set_color(0, Color(1.00, 0.78, 0.32, 1.0))
-	ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.70, 0.42, 0.14, 0.0))
-
-	var sc := Curve.new()
-	sc.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 0.30))
-	sc.add_point(Vector2(0.3, 1.00))
-	sc.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.00))
-
-	_roll_spark_emitter = CPUParticles3D.new()
-	_roll_spark_emitter.position = Vector3(0.0, 0.10, 0.0)
-	_roll_spark_emitter.emitting = false
-	_roll_spark_emitter.one_shot = false
-	_roll_spark_emitter.amount = 46
-	_roll_spark_emitter.lifetime = 0.45
-	_roll_spark_emitter.randomness = 0.7
-	_roll_spark_emitter.local_coords = false
-	_roll_spark_emitter.direction = Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
-	_roll_spark_emitter.spread = 180.0
-	_roll_spark_emitter.gravity = Vector3(0.0, -6.0, 0.0)
-	_roll_spark_emitter.initial_velocity_min = 3.0
-	_roll_spark_emitter.initial_velocity_max = 8.0
-	_roll_spark_emitter.scale_amount_min = 0.5
-	_roll_spark_emitter.scale_amount_max = 1.3
-	_roll_spark_emitter.mesh = spark
-	_roll_spark_emitter.color_ramp = ramp
-	_roll_spark_emitter.scale_amount_curve = sc
-	cube_guy.add_child(_roll_spark_emitter)
+	_roll_spark_emitter = Fx.attach(&"bull_roll_sparks", cube_guy) as CPUParticles3D
+	if _roll_spark_emitter != null:
+		_roll_spark_emitter.position = Vector3(0.0, 0.10, 0.0)
 
 
 func _setup_audio() -> void:
@@ -251,42 +176,20 @@ func _setup_audio() -> void:
 		add_child(_crowd_player)
 
 
+# Toggle the hoof emitters and swap their scale/velocity for the walk vs charge feel. The blue
+# charge trail is the roll/dash ability's, driven from the roll loop, not by dust state.
 func _set_dust_state(new_state: DustState) -> void:
 	if new_state == _dust_state:
 		return
 	_dust_state = new_state
+	var scale := _CHARGE_DUST_SCALE if new_state == DustState.CHARGE else _WALK_DUST_SCALE
+	var vel := _CHARGE_DUST_VEL if new_state == DustState.CHARGE else _WALK_DUST_VEL
 	for p: CPUParticles3D in _hoof_emitters:
-		p.lifetime = DP.f("dust_lifetime")
-		p.explosiveness = DP.f("dust_explosiveness")
-		p.spread = DP.f("dust_spread")
-		p.gravity = Vector3(0.0, DP.f("dust_gravity_y"), 0.0)
-		match new_state:
-			DustState.NONE:
-				p.emitting = false
-			DustState.WALK:
-				p.color_ramp = _walk_dust_ramp
-				p.scale_amount_min = DP.f("walk_scale_min")
-				p.scale_amount_max = DP.f("walk_scale_max")
-				p.initial_velocity_min = DP.f("walk_vel_min")
-				p.initial_velocity_max = DP.f("walk_vel_max")
-				p.emitting = true
-			DustState.CHARGE:
-				p.color_ramp = _charge_dust_ramp
-				p.scale_amount_min = DP.f("charge_scale_min")
-				p.scale_amount_max = DP.f("charge_scale_max")
-				p.initial_velocity_min = DP.f("charge_vel_min")
-				p.initial_velocity_max = DP.f("charge_vel_max")
-				p.emitting = true
-	# Blue energy trail belongs to the roll/dash ability only, not to fast WASD
-	# running — driven explicitly in the roll loop / _end_roll, not by dust state.
-
-
-func _on_dp_changed(_key: String, _val: Variant) -> void:
-	if _hoof_emitters.is_empty() or _dust_state == DustState.NONE:
-		return
-	var prev := _dust_state
-	_dust_state = DustState.NONE
-	_set_dust_state(prev)
+		p.scale_amount_min = scale.x
+		p.scale_amount_max = scale.y
+		p.initial_velocity_min = vel.x
+		p.initial_velocity_max = vel.y
+		p.emitting = new_state != DustState.NONE
 
 
 func _find_anim_player(node: Node) -> AnimationPlayer:
@@ -681,13 +584,10 @@ func _hit_matadors_radius(range_m: float, strength: float, up_boost: float = 0.0
 		mat.call(&"apply_ability_hit", (away + Vector3.UP * 0.6).normalized(), strength, up_boost)
 
 
-# ── Particle helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-# All FX in this script use unshaded, vertex-coloured, alpha-blended particles;
-# these three helpers remove the boilerplate each spawn function used to repeat.
-
-# One shared unshaded material for every particle FX (per-particle colour comes from the
-# CPUParticles3D colour_ramp via vertex colour, not the material) — built once so the mobile
-# driver compiles this shader a single time instead of on every attack.
+# ── Blood-spurt particle helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+# The ability effects now live in systems/fx/; only the spear-wound blood below is still built in
+# code. Shared material, built once so the mobile driver compiles this particle shader a single
+# time (colour comes per-particle from the colour_ramp via vertex colour, not this material).
 func _unshaded_material() -> StandardMaterial3D:
 	if _unshaded_mat == null:
 		_unshaded_mat = StandardMaterial3D.new()
@@ -698,8 +598,7 @@ func _unshaded_material() -> StandardMaterial3D:
 	return _unshaded_mat
 
 
-# Low-poly sphere sized for a particle mesh (height is always the diameter). Cached per size so
-# repeat attacks reuse the same mesh (one GPU upload) instead of generating + uploading a new one.
+# Low-poly particle-sphere mesh (height = diameter), cached per size so repeats reuse one GPU upload.
 func _particle_sphere(radius: float, segments: int, rings: int, mat: Material) -> SphereMesh:
 	var key := "%.4f:%d:%d" % [radius, segments, rings]
 	var cached: SphereMesh = _particle_sphere_cache.get(key)
@@ -724,281 +623,31 @@ func _free_after(node: Node, delay: float) -> void:
 
 
 func _spawn_slam_fx() -> void:
-	if not _slam_ring_mesh:
-		_slam_ring_mesh = _make_slam_ring_mesh()
-	var max_r  := DP.f("slam_range")
 	var origin := global_position + Vector3(0.0, -0.5, 0.0)
-	_launch_slam_ring(origin, max_r, 0.00, 0.55, Color(1.00, 0.70, 0.10, 0.85))
-	_launch_slam_ring(origin, max_r, 0.10, 0.52, Color(1.00, 0.50, 0.10, 0.65))
-	_launch_slam_ring(origin, max_r, 0.20, 0.48, Color(0.90, 0.30, 0.10, 0.50))
-	_spawn_slam_dust(origin)
+	_impact_fx.call(&"slam_rings", origin, DP.f("slam_range"))
+	Fx.spawn(&"bull_slam", Transform3D(Basis(), origin))
 	camera_pivot.call(&"trigger_hit", 0.60)
 
 
-func _launch_slam_ring(origin: Vector3, max_r: float,
-		delay: float, duration: float, col: Color) -> void:
-	var mat := StandardMaterial3D.new()
-	mat.shading_mode = BaseMaterial3D.SHADING_MODE_UNSHADED
-	mat.transparency = BaseMaterial3D.TRANSPARENCY_ALPHA
-	mat.albedo_color = Color(col.r, col.g, col.b, 0.0)
-	mat.cull_mode    = BaseMaterial3D.CULL_DISABLED
-
-	var mi := MeshInstance3D.new()
-	mi.mesh              = _slam_ring_mesh
-	mi.material_override = mat
-	mi.scale             = Vector3(0.02, 1.0, 0.02)
-	get_parent().add_child(mi)
-	mi.global_position   = origin
-
-	var tween := create_tween()
-	tween.set_parallel(true)
-	tween.tween_property(mi, "scale",
-			Vector3(max_r, 1.0, max_r), duration)\
-		.set_delay(delay)\
-		.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_EXPO)\
-		.set_ease(Tween.EASE_OUT)
-	var fade := func(a: float) -> void: mat.albedo_color.a = a
-	tween.tween_method(fade, col.a, 0.0, duration)\
-		.set_delay(delay)\
-		.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_SINE)\
-		.set_ease(Tween.EASE_IN)
-	tween.tween_callback(mi.queue_free).set_delay(delay + duration + 0.05)
-
-
-func _spawn_slam_dust(origin: Vector3) -> void:
-	var sphere := _particle_sphere(0.09, 4, 2, _unshaded_material())
-
-	var ramp := Gradient.new()
-	ramp.set_color(0, Color(0.88, 0.74, 0.46, 1.0))
-	ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.88, 0.74, 0.46, 0.0))
-
-	var scale_curve := Curve.new()
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 0.25))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.35, 1.6))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(1.00, 0.0))
-
-	var p := CPUParticles3D.new()
-	p.one_shot             = true
-	p.explosiveness        = 0.85
-	p.amount               = 48
-	p.lifetime             = 1.1
-	p.randomness           = 0.5
-	p.local_coords         = false
-	p.direction            = Vector3.UP
-	p.spread               = 85.0
-	p.gravity              = Vector3(0.0, -7.0, 0.0)
-	p.initial_velocity_min = 3.5
-	p.initial_velocity_max = 10.0
-	p.scale_amount_min     = 0.5
-	p.scale_amount_max     = 2.0
-	p.mesh                 = sphere
-	p.color_ramp           = ramp
-	p.scale_amount_curve   = scale_curve
-	get_parent().add_child(p)
-	p.global_position = origin
-	p.restart()
-	_free_after(p, 2.5)
-
-
 func _spawn_kick_fx(back_dir: Vector3) -> void:
 	var origin := global_position + back_dir * 0.55 + Vector3(0.0, -0.25, 0.0)
-	_spawn_kick_dust(origin, back_dir)
-	_spawn_kick_stones(origin, back_dir)
-	_spawn_kick_sparks(origin, back_dir)
-	_spawn_kick_flash(origin)
+	Fx.spawn(&"bull_kick", _aimed_xform(origin, back_dir))
+	_impact_fx.call(&"kick_flash", origin)
 	camera_pivot.call(&"trigger_hit", 0.35)
 
 
-func _spawn_kick_dust(origin: Vector3, back_dir: Vector3) -> void:
-	var sphere := _particle_sphere(0.12, 4, 2, _unshaded_material())
-
-	var ramp := Gradient.new()
-	ramp.set_color(0, Color(1.0, 0.78, 0.18, 0.95))
-	ramp.set_color(1, Color(1.0, 0.45, 0.05, 0.0))
-
-	var scale_curve := Curve.new()
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 0.3))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.3, 1.5))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var p := CPUParticles3D.new()
-	p.one_shot             = true
-	p.explosiveness        = 0.80
-	p.amount               = 40
-	p.lifetime             = 1.2
-	p.randomness           = 0.5
-	p.local_coords         = false
-	p.direction            = (back_dir + Vector3(0.0, 0.7, 0.0)).normalized()
-	p.spread               = 65.0
-	p.gravity              = Vector3(0.0, -6.0, 0.0)
-	p.initial_velocity_min = 3.0
-	p.initial_velocity_max = 9.0
-	p.scale_amount_min     = 0.5
-	p.scale_amount_max     = 2.2
-	p.mesh                 = sphere
-	p.color_ramp           = ramp
-	p.scale_amount_curve   = scale_curve
-	get_parent().add_child(p)
-	p.global_position = origin
-	p.restart()
-	_free_after(p, 2.5)
-
-
-func _spawn_kick_stones(origin: Vector3, back_dir: Vector3) -> void:
-	var sphere := _particle_sphere(0.055, 3, 1, _unshaded_material())
-
-	var ramp := Gradient.new()
-	ramp.set_color(0, Color(0.62, 0.58, 0.52, 1.0))
-	ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.62, 0.58, 0.52, 0.0))
-
-	var scale_curve := Curve.new()
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 1.0))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.6, 1.0))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var p := CPUParticles3D.new()
-	p.one_shot             = true
-	p.explosiveness        = 0.92
-	p.amount               = 14
-	p.lifetime             = 0.65
-	p.randomness           = 0.6
-	p.local_coords         = false
-	p.direction            = (back_dir + Vector3(0.0, 0.35, 0.0)).normalized()
-	p.spread               = 45.0
-	p.gravity              = Vector3(0.0, -9.8, 0.0)
-	p.initial_velocity_min = 5.0
-	p.initial_velocity_max = 14.0
-	p.scale_amount_min     = 0.5
-	p.scale_amount_max     = 1.8
-	p.mesh                 = sphere
-	p.color_ramp           = ramp
-	p.scale_amount_curve   = scale_curve
-	get_parent().add_child(p)
-	p.global_position = origin
-	p.restart()
-	_free_after(p, 2.0)
-
-
-func _spawn_kick_flash(origin: Vector3) -> void:
-	var mat := _unshaded_material()
-	mat.albedo_color = Color(1.0, 0.97, 0.40, 0.0)
-
-	var sphere := _particle_sphere(1.0, 8, 4, mat)
-
-	var mi := MeshInstance3D.new()
-	mi.mesh              = sphere
-	mi.material_override = mat
-	mi.scale             = Vector3(0.05, 0.05, 0.05)
-	get_parent().add_child(mi)
-	mi.global_position = origin
-
-	var tween := create_tween()
-	tween.set_parallel(true)
-	tween.tween_property(mi, "scale", Vector3(0.7, 0.7, 0.7), 0.13)\
-		.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_EXPO).set_ease(Tween.EASE_OUT)
-	var fade := func(a: float) -> void: mat.albedo_color.a = a
-	tween.tween_method(fade, 0.92, 0.0, 0.14)\
-		.set_trans(Tween.TRANS_SINE).set_ease(Tween.EASE_IN)
-	tween.tween_callback(mi.queue_free).set_delay(0.16)
-
-
 func _spawn_dash_burst() -> void:
-	var box := BoxMesh.new()
-	box.size = Vector3(0.045, 0.045, 0.30)
-	box.material = _unshaded_material()
-
-	var ramp := Gradient.new()
-	ramp.set_color(0, Color(0.50, 0.82, 1.0, 1.0))
-	ramp.set_color(1, Color(0.50, 0.82, 1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var scale_curve := Curve.new()
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 1.0))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var p := CPUParticles3D.new()
-	p.one_shot             = true
-	p.explosiveness        = 0.92
-	p.amount               = 18
-	p.lifetime             = 0.22
-	p.randomness           = 0.15
-	p.local_coords         = false
-	p.direction            = _dash_dir
-	p.spread               = 15.0
-	p.gravity              = Vector3.ZERO
-	p.initial_velocity_min = 18.0
-	p.initial_velocity_max = 35.0
-	p.scale_amount_min     = 0.8
-	p.scale_amount_max     = 2.8
-	p.mesh                 = box
-	p.color_ramp           = ramp
-	p.scale_amount_curve   = scale_curve
-	get_parent().add_child(p)
-	p.global_position = global_position + Vector3(0.0, 0.2, 0.0)
-	p.restart()
-	_free_after(p, 0.6)
+	Fx.spawn(&"bull_dash", _aimed_xform(global_position + Vector3(0.0, 0.2, 0.0), _dash_dir))
 
 
-func _spawn_kick_sparks(origin: Vector3, back_dir: Vector3) -> void:
-	var sphere := _particle_sphere(0.04, 3, 1, _unshaded_material())
-
-	var ramp := Gradient.new()
-	ramp.set_color(0, Color(1.0, 0.98, 0.60, 1.0))
-	ramp.set_color(1, Color(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var scale_curve := Curve.new()
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.0, 1.0))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(0.5, 0.6))
-	scale_curve.add_point(Vector2(1.0, 0.0))
-
-	var p := CPUParticles3D.new()
-	p.one_shot             = true
-	p.explosiveness        = 0.95
-	p.amount               = 22
-	p.lifetime             = 0.28
-	p.randomness           = 0.4
-	p.local_coords         = false
-	p.direction            = (back_dir + Vector3(0.0, 0.5, 0.0)).normalized()
-	p.spread               = 30.0
-	p.gravity              = Vector3(0.0, -14.0, 0.0)
-	p.initial_velocity_min = 8.0
-	p.initial_velocity_max = 18.0
-	p.scale_amount_min     = 0.6
-	p.scale_amount_max     = 2.0
-	p.mesh                 = sphere
-	p.color_ramp           = ramp
-	p.scale_amount_curve   = scale_curve
-	get_parent().add_child(p)
-	p.global_position = origin
-	p.restart()
-	_free_after(p, 1.0)
-
-
-func _make_slam_ring_mesh() -> ArrayMesh:
-	const INNER_R:  float = 0.82
-	const OUTER_R:  float = 1.00
-	const SEGMENTS: int   = 48
-
-	var verts   := PackedVector3Array()
-	var indices := PackedInt32Array()
-
-	for i: int in SEGMENTS:
-		var a0 := i       / float(SEGMENTS) * TAU
-		var a1 := (i + 1) / float(SEGMENTS) * TAU
-		var vi := i * 4
-		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a0) * INNER_R, 0.0, sin(a0) * INNER_R))
-		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a0) * OUTER_R, 0.0, sin(a0) * OUTER_R))
-		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a1) * OUTER_R, 0.0, sin(a1) * OUTER_R))
-		verts.append(Vector3(cos(a1) * INNER_R, 0.0, sin(a1) * INNER_R))
-		indices.append_array([vi, vi + 2, vi + 1, vi, vi + 3, vi + 2])
-
-	var arrays: Array = []
-	arrays.resize(Mesh.ARRAY_MAX)
-	arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_VERTEX] = verts
-	arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_INDEX]  = indices
-
-	var mesh := ArrayMesh.new()
-	mesh.add_surface_from_arrays(Mesh.PRIMITIVE_TRIANGLES, arrays)
-	return mesh
+# A transform at `origin` whose local -Z faces `forward` (flattened to horizontal). The kick/dash
+# effects bake their spray in local space, so aiming the spawn transform points the burst the
+# right way. Falls back to an unrotated transform when `forward` has no horizontal component.
+func _aimed_xform(origin: Vector3, forward: Vector3) -> Transform3D:
+	var flat := Vector3(forward.x, 0.0, forward.z)
+	if flat.length_squared() < 0.0001:
+		return Transform3D(Basis(), origin)
+	return Transform3D(Basis(), origin).looking_at(origin + flat.normalized(), Vector3.UP)
 
 
 func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void:
@@ -1112,23 +761,14 @@ func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void:
 			velocity.z   = flat_n.z * exit_spd
 			pre_wall_vel = Vector3(velocity.x, 0.0, velocity.z)
 
-					# --- ADD THIS BREAKABLE BARREL DETECTION CODE ---
-			var collision = get_slide_collision(i)
-			var collider = collision.get_collider()
-
-			# Check if the object we hit has the "destroy_barrel" function
-			if collider and collider.has_method("destroy_barrel"):
-			# Optional: Only break if moving fast (e.g., sprinting or dashing)
-			# if velocity.length() > 5.0:
-				collider.destroy_barrel()
+			# Ram straight through a barrel that formed the wall we bounced off.
+			var hit := col.get_collider()
+			if hit != null and hit.has_method(&"destroy_barrel"):
+				hit.call(&"destroy_barrel")
 
 	# ── Landing. Don't bounce ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 	if is_on_floor() and not _was_on_floor:
 		velocity.y = 0.0
-		#Bouncing landing below
-		#var impact := -_pre_slide_vel_y
-		#if impact > DP.f("bounce_min_impact") and not _slam_pending:
-			#velocity.y = impact * DP.f("bounce_restitution")
 
 	# ── Slam landing ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 	if _slam_pending and is_on_floor() and not _was_on_floor:
@@ -1157,8 +797,6 @@ func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void:
 		if vel_flat.length_squared() > 0.1:
 			_charge_trail_emitter.direction = (-vel_flat.normalized() + Vector3(0.0, 0.25, 0.0)).normalized()
 
-	# ── Hoof sounds ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
 
 func get_hp() -> int:
 	return _hp
@@ -1274,7 +912,6 @@ func _spawn_blood(hit_pos: Vector3) -> void:
 	_free_after(p, 1.5)
 
 
-#hit flashing
 func _hit_flash() -> void:
 	var meshes := find_children("*", "MeshInstance3D", true, false)
 
diff --git a/systems/debug/debug_params.gd b/systems/debug/debug_params.gd
index 9b234af..9a17625 100644
--- a/systems/debug/debug_params.gd
+++ b/systems/debug/debug_params.gd
@@ -46,21 +46,10 @@ func _register_all() -> void:
 	# (The dash ability bypasses this.)
 	_reg_f("Bull",     "bull_gore_arc",      75.0,  10.0, 180.0, 5.0)
 	# ── Dust speed thresholds ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+	# The dust LOOK (colour, size, velocity) lives in systems/fx/bull_hoof_dust.tscn now; these
+	# two only decide when walk vs charge dust kicks in by ground speed.
 	_reg_f("Dust",     "dust_walk_spd",       1.5,  0.1,  10.0)
 	_reg_f("Dust",     "dust_charge_spd",     7.0,  1.0,  20.0)
-	# ── Dust ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "dust_lifetime",       0.9,  0.1,   4.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "dust_explosiveness",  0.35, 0.0,   1.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "dust_spread",        45.0,  5.0,  90.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "dust_gravity_y",     -1.5,-15.0,   0.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "walk_scale_min",      0.20, 0.05,  3.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "walk_scale_max",      0.40, 0.05,  3.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "walk_vel_min",        0.8,  0.1,  12.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "walk_vel_max",        1.8,  0.1,  12.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "charge_scale_min",    0.35, 0.05,  6.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "charge_scale_max",    0.70, 0.05,  6.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "charge_vel_min",      2.8,  0.1,  20.0)
-	_reg_f("Dust",     "charge_vel_max",      5.5,  0.1,  20.0)
 	# ── Tail ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 	_reg_f("Tail",     "tail_gravity",        9.8,   0.0, 30.0)
 	_reg_f("Tail",     "tail_damping",        0.08,  0.0,  0.5, 0.01)
diff --git a/systems/fx/README.md b/systems/fx/README.md
index 449a416..604a094 100644
--- a/systems/fx/README.md
+++ b/systems/fx/README.md
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ change to how a hit *feels* is a `.tscn` Siim edits in the inspector — no code
 
 ```gdscript
 # anywhere in gameplay code
-Fx.spawn(&"blood_burst", global_transform)          # at a node
+Fx.spawn(&"blood_burst", global_transform)          # one-shot: fire and forget (self-frees)
 Fx.spawn(&"slam_dust", Transform3D(Basis(), point)) # at a world point
+var trail := Fx.attach(&"bull_charge_trail", node)  # continuous: caller keeps it + toggles .emitting
 ```
 
 ## Siim's workflow
@@ -25,6 +26,33 @@ Fx.spawn(&"slam_dust", Transform3D(Basis(), point)) # at a world point
 New effect? Add a `fx/<name>.tscn` (root = `CPUParticles3D` with `one_shot_effect.gd` attached — copy
 an existing one), then register its name → path in `fx/fx.gd`.
 
+## Bull ability effects
+
+The bull's moves are wired to effect scenes here, so **you can retune every one in the inspector** —
+open the `.tscn`, drag its colour ramp / curves / emission, save. No code.
+
+| Ability | Effect scene(s) | Kind |
+|---|---|---|
+| Ground slam | `bull_slam.tscn` (dust) | one-shot burst |
+| Back-kick | `bull_kick.tscn` — dust **+** its `stones` and `sparks` child emitters | one-shot burst |
+| Dash / roll launch | `bull_dash.tscn` | one-shot burst |
+| Hoof dust (walking / sprinting) | `bull_hoof_dust.tscn` | continuous |
+| Charge trail (the blue streak) | `bull_charge_trail.tscn` | continuous |
+| Roll sparks | `bull_roll_sparks.tscn` | continuous |
+
+**Two kinds, edited the same way.** *One-shot* effects fire once and clean themselves up — they show
+up in the gallery, so preview and tune them there. *Continuous* effects follow the bull and switch on
+and off with what it's doing (dust while moving, the trail during a roll); the gallery can't show
+those, so preview one by opening its `.tscn` and ticking **Emitting** on in the inspector's viewport.
+
+Two things stay in code and aren't yours to tune here: the slam's expanding shockwave **rings** and the
+kick's white **flash-pop** — those are stretched flat meshes, not particles (`actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd`).
+The dust's *walk-vs-sprint size* is also code (a fixed multiplier); its colour and shape are the `.tscn`.
+
+**Composite effect** (like the kick): one scene, several `CPUParticles3D` — a root plus child emitters.
+`one_shot_effect.gd` fires every emitter in the scene together, so you can build a layered hit
+(dust + debris + sparks) as one file and tune each layer separately.
+
 ## House style (keep effects reading as one game)
 
 **Palette** — pull from these, don't invent per-effect colours:
@@ -52,8 +80,9 @@ the inspector and safe on-device. Keep this constraint when adding effects.
 
 | File | What it is |
 |---|---|
-| `fx.gd` | The `Fx` autoload — `spawn(name, xform, parent=null)`; name→path registry |
-| `one_shot_effect.gd` | Root helper: fires the emitter(s) once, frees the scene when done |
+| `fx.gd` | The `Fx` autoload — `spawn()` (one-shot) / `attach()` (continuous); name→path registry |
+| `one_shot_effect.gd` | Root helper: fires every emitter in the scene once, frees it when done |
 | `blood_burst.tscn` etc. | The effects themselves — **edit these** |
+| `bull_*.tscn` | The bull's ability effects (see the table above) — **edit these** |
 | `effect_gallery.tscn` | Preview stage (run it to review) |
 | `_seed_placeholders.gd` | One-off generator that wrote the first-draft defaults; not used at runtime |
diff --git a/systems/fx/bull_charge_trail.tscn b/systems/fx/bull_charge_trail.tscn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83a7100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/systems/fx/bull_charge_trail.tscn
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+[gd_scene format=3]
+
+; Bull charge trail — the blue energy streak that streams off the bull during a roll/dash.
+; Continuous: the player instances it once under the bull, toggles `emitting`, and steers
+; `direction` opposite the travel direction each frame. Tune the look here; see README.md.
+
+[sub_resource type="StandardMaterial3D" id="mat"]
+transparency = 1
+cull_mode = 2
+shading_mode = 0
+vertex_color_use_as_albedo = true
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.065
+height = 0.13
+radial_segments = 4
+rings = 2
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.6, 0.8), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(0.3, 0.65, 1, 1, 0.3, 0.65, 1, 0)
+
+[node name="bull_charge_trail" type="CPUParticles3D"]
+emitting = false
+amount = 18
+lifetime = 0.3
+local_coords = false
+randomness = 0.4
+mesh = SubResource("mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 0.2, 1)
+spread = 25.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, 2, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 4.0
+initial_velocity_max = 9.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.4
+scale_amount_max = 1.2
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("grad")
diff --git a/systems/fx/bull_dash.tscn b/systems/fx/bull_dash.tscn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fc004e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/systems/fx/bull_dash.tscn
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+[gd_scene format=3]
+
+; Bull dash burst — the one-shot streak of speed shards left when a dash/roll launches. Fired
+; via Fx.spawn(&"bull_dash", xform); the spawn transform aims local -Z along the dash direction,
+; so the shards streak the right way. Tune the look here; see systems/fx/README.md.
+
+[ext_resource type="Script" path="res://systems/fx/one_shot_effect.gd" id="oneshot"]
+
+[sub_resource type="StandardMaterial3D" id="mat"]
+transparency = 1
+cull_mode = 2
+shading_mode = 0
+vertex_color_use_as_albedo = true
+
+[sub_resource type="BoxMesh" id="mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+size = Vector3(0.045, 0.045, 0.3)
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 2
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(0.5, 0.82, 1, 1, 0.5, 0.82, 1, 0)
+
+[node name="bull_dash" type="CPUParticles3D"]
+emitting = false
+amount = 18
+lifetime = 0.22
+one_shot = true
+local_coords = false
+explosiveness = 0.92
+randomness = 0.15
+mesh = SubResource("mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 0, -1)
+spread = 15.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, 0, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 18.0
+initial_velocity_max = 35.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.8
+scale_amount_max = 2.8
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("grad")
+script = ExtResource("oneshot")
diff --git a/systems/fx/bull_hoof_dust.tscn b/systems/fx/bull_hoof_dust.tscn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0933c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/systems/fx/bull_hoof_dust.tscn
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+[gd_scene format=3]
+
+; Bull hoof dust — the little kick-up under each hoof while moving. Continuous (not one-shot):
+; the player instances one per hoof, positions it, and toggles `emitting`. Charge sprint bumps
+; scale/velocity in code. Tune the look here; see systems/fx/README.md.
+
+[sub_resource type="StandardMaterial3D" id="mat"]
+transparency = 1
+cull_mode = 2
+shading_mode = 0
+vertex_color_use_as_albedo = true
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.07
+height = 0.14
+radial_segments = 4
+rings = 2
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 0.2), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.4, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(0.94, 0.9, 0.83, 1, 0.94, 0.9, 0.83, 0)
+
+[node name="bull_hoof_dust" type="CPUParticles3D"]
+emitting = false
+amount = 12
+lifetime = 0.9
+local_coords = false
+explosiveness = 0.35
+randomness = 0.6
+mesh = SubResource("mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 1, 0)
+spread = 45.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, -1.5, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 0.8
+initial_velocity_max = 1.8
+scale_amount_min = 0.2
+scale_amount_max = 0.4
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("grad")
diff --git a/systems/fx/bull_kick.tscn b/systems/fx/bull_kick.tscn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e768243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/systems/fx/bull_kick.tscn
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+[gd_scene format=3]
+
+; Bull back-kick impact — the one-shot combined dust + stones + sparks thrown behind the kick.
+; A composite effect: the root emitter is the dust; the "stones" and "sparks" child emitters fire
+; with it (one_shot_effect.gd arms every CPUParticles3D in the scene). Fired via
+; Fx.spawn(&"bull_kick", xform); the spawn transform aims local -Z along the kick-back direction.
+; The bright flash-pop is a separate coded effect (bull_impact_fx.gd). Tune all three looks here.
+
+[ext_resource type="Script" path="res://systems/fx/one_shot_effect.gd" id="oneshot"]
+
+[sub_resource type="StandardMaterial3D" id="mat"]
+transparency = 1
+cull_mode = 2
+shading_mode = 0
+vertex_color_use_as_albedo = true
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="dust_mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.12
+height = 0.24
+radial_segments = 4
+rings = 2
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="dust_curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 0.3), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.3, 1.5), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="dust_grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(1, 0.78, 0.18, 0.95, 1, 0.45, 0.05, 0)
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="stone_mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.055
+height = 0.11
+radial_segments = 3
+rings = 1
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="stone_curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.6, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="stone_grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(0.62, 0.58, 0.52, 1, 0.62, 0.58, 0.52, 0)
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="spark_mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.04
+height = 0.08
+radial_segments = 3
+rings = 1
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="spark_curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.5, 0.6), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="spark_grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(1, 0.98, 0.6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0)
+
+[node name="bull_kick" type="CPUParticles3D"]
+emitting = false
+amount = 40
+lifetime = 1.2
+one_shot = true
+local_coords = false
+explosiveness = 0.8
+randomness = 0.5
+mesh = SubResource("dust_mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 0.7, -1)
+spread = 65.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, -6, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 3.0
+initial_velocity_max = 9.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.5
+scale_amount_max = 2.2
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("dust_curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("dust_grad")
+script = ExtResource("oneshot")
+
+[node name="stones" type="CPUParticles3D" parent="."]
+emitting = false
+amount = 14
+lifetime = 0.65
+one_shot = true
+local_coords = false
+explosiveness = 0.92
+randomness = 0.6
+mesh = SubResource("stone_mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 0.35, -1)
+spread = 45.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, -9.8, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 5.0
+initial_velocity_max = 14.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.5
+scale_amount_max = 1.8
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("stone_curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("stone_grad")
+
+[node name="sparks" type="CPUParticles3D" parent="."]
+emitting = false
+amount = 22
+lifetime = 0.28
+one_shot = true
+local_coords = false
+explosiveness = 0.95
+randomness = 0.4
+mesh = SubResource("spark_mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 0.5, -1)
+spread = 30.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, -14, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 8.0
+initial_velocity_max = 18.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.6
+scale_amount_max = 2.0
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("spark_curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("spark_grad")
diff --git a/systems/fx/bull_roll_sparks.tscn b/systems/fx/bull_roll_sparks.tscn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..211da6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/systems/fx/bull_roll_sparks.tscn
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+[gd_scene format=3]
+
+; Bull roll sparks — the dirt/ember spray flung outward from the spinning roll ("Powerball").
+; Continuous: the player instances it once under the bull and toggles `emitting` during a roll.
+; World-space so the spray peels off into a trail. Tune the look here; see README.md.
+
+[sub_resource type="StandardMaterial3D" id="mat"]
+transparency = 1
+cull_mode = 2
+shading_mode = 0
+vertex_color_use_as_albedo = true
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.05
+height = 0.1
+radial_segments = 4
+rings = 2
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 0.3), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.3, 1), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(1, 0.78, 0.32, 1, 0.7, 0.42, 0.14, 0)
+
+[node name="bull_roll_sparks" type="CPUParticles3D"]
+emitting = false
+amount = 46
+lifetime = 0.45
+local_coords = false
+randomness = 0.7
+mesh = SubResource("mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 1, 0)
+spread = 180.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, -6, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 3.0
+initial_velocity_max = 8.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.5
+scale_amount_max = 1.3
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("grad")
diff --git a/systems/fx/bull_slam.tscn b/systems/fx/bull_slam.tscn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16e7feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/systems/fx/bull_slam.tscn
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+[gd_scene format=3]
+
+; Bull ground-slam dust — the one-shot dirt burst thrown up when the slam lands. Fired via
+; Fx.spawn(&"bull_slam", xform) at the impact point. The expanding shockwave RINGS are a
+; separate coded effect (actors/player/bull_impact_fx.gd), not this. Tune the look here.
+
+[ext_resource type="Script" path="res://systems/fx/one_shot_effect.gd" id="oneshot"]
+
+[sub_resource type="StandardMaterial3D" id="mat"]
+transparency = 1
+cull_mode = 2
+shading_mode = 0
+vertex_color_use_as_albedo = true
+
+[sub_resource type="SphereMesh" id="mesh"]
+material = SubResource("mat")
+radius = 0.09
+height = 0.18
+radial_segments = 4
+rings = 2
+
+[sub_resource type="Curve" id="curve"]
+_data = [Vector2(0, 0.25), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(0.35, 1.6), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0, Vector2(1, 0), 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0]
+point_count = 3
+
+[sub_resource type="Gradient" id="grad"]
+colors = PackedColorArray(0.88, 0.74, 0.46, 1, 0.88, 0.74, 0.46, 0)
+
+[node name="bull_slam" type="CPUParticles3D"]
+emitting = false
+amount = 48
+lifetime = 1.1
+one_shot = true
+local_coords = false
+explosiveness = 0.85
+randomness = 0.5
+mesh = SubResource("mesh")
+direction = Vector3(0, 1, 0)
+spread = 85.0
+gravity = Vector3(0, -7, 0)
+initial_velocity_min = 3.5
+initial_velocity_max = 10.0
+scale_amount_min = 0.5
+scale_amount_max = 2.0
+scale_amount_curve = SubResource("curve")
+color_ramp = SubResource("grad")
+script = ExtResource("oneshot")
diff --git a/systems/fx/effect_gallery.gd b/systems/fx/effect_gallery.gd
index b435e17..bad2c97 100644
--- a/systems/fx/effect_gallery.gd
+++ b/systems/fx/effect_gallery.gd
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ extends Node3D
 ## press Play, then edit any effect .tscn in the inspector and re-run to compare. See fx/README.md.
 
 const _CYCLE_SEC := 1.6
-const _EFFECTS: Array[StringName] = [&"blood_burst", &"slam_dust", &"spark", &"hit_flash"]
+const _EFFECTS: Array[StringName] = [
+	&"blood_burst", &"slam_dust", &"spark", &"hit_flash",
+	&"bull_slam", &"bull_kick", &"bull_dash",
+]
 
 @onready var _label: Label = $UI/Label
 # Reached by path rather than the Fx global so the placeholder-seeder can compile and attach this
diff --git a/systems/fx/fx.gd b/systems/fx/fx.gd
index 5d61de0..f5e7def 100644
--- a/systems/fx/fx.gd
+++ b/systems/fx/fx.gd
@@ -7,10 +7,18 @@ extends Node
 ## placeholder .tscn are seeded — see tools/seed_fx_placeholders.gd.
 
 const _PATHS: Dictionary = {
+	# Generic hit effects.
 	&"blood_burst": "res://systems/fx/blood_burst.tscn",
 	&"slam_dust": "res://systems/fx/slam_dust.tscn",
 	&"spark": "res://systems/fx/spark.tscn",
 	&"hit_flash": "res://systems/fx/hit_flash.tscn",
+	# Bull ability effects — one-shots fired by spawn(), continuous ones held via attach().
+	&"bull_slam": "res://systems/fx/bull_slam.tscn",
+	&"bull_kick": "res://systems/fx/bull_kick.tscn",
+	&"bull_dash": "res://systems/fx/bull_dash.tscn",
+	&"bull_hoof_dust": "res://systems/fx/bull_hoof_dust.tscn",
+	&"bull_charge_trail": "res://systems/fx/bull_charge_trail.tscn",
+	&"bull_roll_sparks": "res://systems/fx/bull_roll_sparks.tscn",
 }
 
 var _cache: Dictionary = {}
@@ -32,6 +40,18 @@ func spawn(effect: StringName, xform: Transform3D, parent: Node = null) -> Node:
 	return inst
 
 
+# Instance a CONTINUOUS effect as a child of `parent` and hand it back. Unlike spawn(), it neither
+# positions nor auto-frees the effect — the caller keeps the reference to place it and toggle
+# `emitting` (hoof dust that follows the bull, the charge trail). Returns null if unknown/missing.
+func attach(effect: StringName, parent: Node) -> Node:
+	var scene := _scene(effect)
+	if scene == null or parent == null:
+		return null
+	var inst := scene.instantiate()
+	parent.add_child(inst)
+	return inst
+
+
 func _scene(effect: StringName) -> PackedScene:
 	if _cache.has(effect):
 		return _cache[effect]
diff --git a/tests/bear_fx_test.gd b/tests/bear_fx_test.gd
index c600425..3d72c15 100644
--- a/tests/bear_fx_test.gd
+++ b/tests/bear_fx_test.gd
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 extends SceneTree
 ## Bear attack-FX test. The four attack effects (crater, smash debris, left/right claw slash)
-## live in Assets/fx/Bear_FX.glb as meshes that rest at scale 0 at Siim's baked positions. The
+## live in art/fx/bear_fx.glb as meshes that rest at scale 0 at Siim's baked positions. The
 ## GLB carries its own AnimationPlayer whose clips scale one mesh up at its strike frame and
 ## back to 0 (self-hiding) while pinning the others at 0. bear.gd fires the matching clip on
 ## each strike (see _play_fx). This asserts each clip pops its own mesh, self-hides by the end,
diff --git a/tests/fx_gallery_test.gd b/tests/fx_gallery_test.gd
index 8a7afff..0ec4050 100644
--- a/tests/fx_gallery_test.gd
+++ b/tests/fx_gallery_test.gd
@@ -26,10 +26,16 @@ func _run() -> void:
 	root.add_child(host)
 	current_scene = host
 
-	for id: StringName in [&"blood_burst", &"slam_dust", &"spark", &"hit_flash"]:
+	for id: StringName in [&"blood_burst", &"slam_dust", &"spark", &"hit_flash",
+			&"bull_slam", &"bull_kick", &"bull_dash"]:
 		var inst: Node = fx.call("spawn", id, Transform3D.IDENTITY, host)
 		_ok(inst != null and is_instance_valid(inst), "spawns %s" % id)
 
+	# Continuous bull effects are held (attach), not fired-and-forgotten (spawn).
+	for id: StringName in [&"bull_hoof_dust", &"bull_charge_trail", &"bull_roll_sparks"]:
+		var inst: Node = fx.call("attach", id, host)
+		_ok(inst != null and is_instance_valid(inst), "attaches %s" % id)
+
 	var missing: Node = fx.call("spawn", &"does_not_exist", Transform3D.IDENTITY, host)
 	_ok(missing == null, "unknown effect returns null instead of crashing")